Ladies with servants  preparing for the hunt. Etching in 1738 by Jean Moyreau, after a painting by Philips Wouwerman (1619-1668)

In the french Joconde database I found the following depictions:

School Halt from Antwerpen

School Halt by an American-Indian

Soldier's horse in a school halt

Two school halts before a war charriot: in front a bent one, behind a straight one:

Foto H.-P.Haack

From the Tang Dynasty

The curb with a very short lower branch makes the rein-action even more difficult, as with this even a small rein-displacement leads to an impact.

Deviating from Gueriniere's depictions he holds the switch downwards (in the ski-stick position) and leads the right curb-rein between ring- and middle finger. The switch lies fast at the right thigh, to prevent as much pronation of the switch hand as possible and to give the hand as much freedom of movement over the switch's end. Holding the hand this way makes the right-bending even more difficult to achieve, as the rider cannot try inducing the horse to it by laying the switch parallel to the left side of the horse's neck.

The rope, which serves as a second pair of reins is not used at the moment; interestingly it is fastened at an additional neck-strap which itself is fastened at the curb's eye (the point where the chain is attached). This means that by tightening both pairs of reins simultaneously, the leverage of lower branches is neutralized completely.

(Old report about über Nestier here)

 by User:Brunswyk (User:Brunswyk) [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) oder CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/)], via Wikimedia Commons

With this sketch Pablo Picasso recorded for us what people remembered of the school halt in 1905 (trying for a remembrance of the walk-passage (= real spanish walk) in the right upper corner, see also below.

(National Gallery of Art, Washinton, USA)

"Passage" and  "Passege" and the "Sideways"

Passege and Passage: Citations

Broue (1595): "Passege: Pace in a restrained and shortened school-walk either in the voltes [by which he means also: carrees] and also in riding straight forward." (I/S.10)

"... when the horse passegieres on the volte, his or hers action is always supported by one foreleg and one hind leg on the ground, meanwhile the other two legs are in the air...."[= diagonalized, two-beated action] (II/S.97).

He uses "Passege" for the walk-passege, sometimes as a light croupe-in, but often for a 85°-sideways.

Vol.II, chapter 20: "While following this order of the two tracks the horse shall make movements with the hindfeet the same as with forefeet: but much smaller ones, as their space and cirlcle is smaller; and because the circle of the forefeet is bigger, the horse has to make bigger steps with the forehand, so because of that, the action of the outer shoulder has to be more free and more forward than that of the hindlegs, so that the forefeet have the opportunity to cross over, without falsifying the circle and without bringing the hindfeet into disorder, which shall go in the same way, namely with outer one crossing over the inner one, but the crossing over not as strong as the forefeet, because their way is shorter; and finally the horse in this passege shall never have three feet on the ground simultaneously." 

With him the term "passage" means more "the passing", he uses it for example for covering a distance in Mezairs or Courbettes. 

Pluvinel ( before 1620): The true Passeige is a shortened walk, the horse performs somewhat livelier than the normal walk, but not as lively as the trot (no mentioning of a two-beated walk).

William Cavendish/Newcastle (1658) writes about the “Passage upon a walk, which has the action of the trot”, but also about a passage in the trot. In his dictionary he defines: "Passage: to passage a horse, is to make him go upon a walk or a trot upon two pistes or treads, between the two heels, and sideways, so that his hips make a track parallel to that made by his shoulders." He views the diagonalized walk as a result of the sideways moving of the horse (with him for example with the croupe to the pilar in the same 80°  angle as Gueriniere's croupe-au-mure). He writes: "When the forelegs are crossing, the inner hindleg moves to the side, and when the hindlegs are crossing, the inner foreleg moves to the side, so this is the action of a trot.")(= two-beated).

In his second book (1667) at the first two times he uses the term "Passege", after that only "Passage".

Nicolas di Santa-Paulina (1696 writes in the chapter "About passegeing straight-forward and where and when" )  in the L'Arte de cavallo, S.96:    "There are four ways to passege a horse.... To passege in walk means that the horse elevates his foreleg and hindleg as in the trot, but not in the exactly very moment as in the trot, merely with a not perceivable pause before moving the other leg; the horse lifts the forelegs higher than the hindlegs, and when the horse lifts the legs equally high on both sides, it is called a Passegio, which, despite not being as gracefully as in the trot, is majestic nevertheless and appropriate for a prince."

Gueriniere (1733) writes: “The passage, which in former times was called Passege (from the ital. word "Spassegio", which means stroll), is a measured walk or trot. The horse holds, as in the trot, both opposite legs crosswise for a longer time in the air than in the ordinary trot, so that the leg in the air moves forward no more than one shoe before the one on the ground."(= floating trot) . But the term "passaging on the volte on two hoof-beats" he is using s.t. for the sidewaysw in the chapter "About the voltes".

Saunier (before 1748) calls the Passege "Walk-Passage", but he also describes (after Newcastle?) the normal walk as two-beated, with crosswise moved legs just like in the trot.”

Eisenberg (1748) speaks of the

a."Walk of the horse, which is well trained and lifts his legs crosswise together, which is short and measured, contrary to the walk of a utility-horse, which is low, long and slow." The word Passage is used in his book only for the floating-trot.

b.: "passager un cheval" means: to passage a horse in a tread on two hoofbeats, by letting it go along a wall or to the side, so that it yields to the rider's calves, and holds the croupe in, so that haunches and shoulders make two parallel lines (s. Traverser),                             

In the french Grisone (1550) translation of 1579 by Sébillet  the "Incavallare" (sideways-pasege) during the "Mezza Volta" (Demi-Volte) to the left while crossing the forelegs is depicted.

The word "Incavallare" means riding sideways on an academioc volte (= volte on two hoof-tracks), with the croupe to its center.  Maybe this word now could get to be our unequivocal term for the 85°-sideways? The counterpart, the croupe-out in the 85°-angle on the renvers-carree we could call the "Excavallare" .  This word-couple thus would never have been in use either for walk-passage, trot-passage, promenading, nor for the former lessons croupe-in or croupe-out.

(The rider surley is right-handed, to be assumed by the positin of his sword, but here he uses the left-hander seat!).

Fiaschi, too, shows a picture of the sideways:

In the Dictionnaire de Manege from 1741  LINK (p. 761 in the  PDF/p.165 in the Dictionnaire) I found the following entries:

[….]

PASSAGING: Promenading the horse in walk or trot; To passager a horse on voltes; Passager a volte; some say: passeging, but  passaging is the usual word.

PASSEGING: Leading a  horse sideways on two tracks in walk or trot, so the hind draws a track parallel to the one of the shoulders. The passeging in trot has not been in use for long: the word passeging means actually: to promenade a horse on two tracks, between two heels. It is also expressed: to passege a horse or to promenade a horse. 

One  passeges a horse on a straight line and on voltes. In this sense ist is used less often than passaging.

One passeges a horse on two tracks along a wall or a hedge. One passeges also on voltes of  the horse's length, by leading it sideways around the centre, whereat it shall look into the volte and its shoulders shall walk before the hindlegs. In both cases the horse shall cheval [the ital. "incavallare" became "enchevaler" in fr., then "chevaler"; DA] his legs extremely, this means, the outside front leg crosses the inside one every second beat. In the  Passege the movement of the horse is the same as in walk and trot. but more animated in trot.

The Passege straight forward is a lesson used seldomly in France, but frequently in Italy and even more in Germany. One chosses for this a horse without fire, but with much movement. One teaches it in the Passege straight forwards to lift two legs simultaneously, a fore- and a hindleg, as in the Cross of Andrew. At putting down the two legs it lifts the other pair in alternation, holding them in the air in the same height and duration, gaining not more ground than one foot [= 30cm;DA]. The beauty of the Passege consists in holding the legs in the air for a long time. The movement of the legs in this Passege is the same as in walk or trot, as they are moving in the same order. The only difference is, that they are held longer in the air in the Passege straight forwards.

Horses assured in this lesson and in the piaffe  are proper for use in the Caroussel or for public cermonies.

The difference between the piaffe and the Passege is, when the horse piaffers naturally, it does not hold the legs so long in the air as in the Passege straight forwards.

One needs a great artisanship for the Passege straight forwards and the horse at least two or three years in the manege; and if two out of six horses turn out well, it is much!"

For the 85°-sideways we could use: to inchevaler and to exchevaler. (La Broue uses the verb "chevaler" as synonym for the simple crossing over of the legs. This word derives from the Italian "incavallare", which chabged in the french translation to "enchevaler", both have the same meaning: an 85°-siedeways with the grouipe inside the volte. Later one called a horse, which often or constantly passaged/piffed of his own volitin when agitated,  a "chevaler").

Alternative for terming: Full-Travers for the 85°-Travers and Full-Renvers for the 85°-Renvers.

But the simplest way might be to introduce redefinitions of the  words "Travers" und "Renvers" as follow:

1. The Travers is a sideways movement in an angle of 85° to the line one is moving along in a very collected gait,  with the horse's head bent into the direction of movement, if the horse's croupe points to the middle of the manege-figure. Any other degree is called travers-like.

2. The Renvers is a sideways movement in an angle of 85° to the line one is moving along in a very collected gait, with the horse's head bent into the direction of movement, if the horse's croupe points outwards. Any other degree is called Renvers-like.

3. For the sideways movement along a wall we should use only the term "Croupe-au-Mure", to prevent putting the horse's head to the wall, as this is harmful.

The Perfect Seat on a Pad

The artist depicts Marc Aurel in an exemplarily balanced, truly light seat: the rider nearly floating in complete equilibrium; giving the utmost finest aids on a saddle pad without stirrups with a one-handed, crosswise led reins. 

 If the horse is going this softly, the rider's thighs are wandering up ever more. Thus the rider now holds his legs not only "before the horse",  but in this case even, as I'm calling it: "over the horse"! This very comfortable posture can be seen in the mesopotamic school-halt, too.

Update 22.09.2020

By translating the Cavendish the statue of Marc Aurel appears in a completely new light: depicted here is not a trot-passage, but a sideways in walk!
The holding of the hand equates that of William Cavendish, when he takes his rein-hand across the neck of the horse onto the outside, to achieve a bending of its neck and lead the croupe into the volte. This is the prerequisite of the sideways, which often was called “passage”.
The stance of the horse’s body is that of a sideways in walk with an angle of less than 80°: by this a full, simultaneous diagonalizing during the crossing over of the outer forefoot over the inner one, with simultaneous broad treading wide of the hind-feet, but a dragging behind of the outer hindleg during its crossing-over phase over the inner hind-leg, while the forefeet are stepping broadly during the next phase.  Nikolas di Santa Paulina writes: “In the walk-passage one hind-leg is dragging imperceptibly.”
One author of the old art wrote as a premiss: ”During the passage the horse is always bent to the side to which it goes.” This means, a passage straight forwards on one hoof-beat hadn’t been one really in those days. Though it didn’t describe, how strongly sideways one goes in the passage, how big the angle is.
The beautiful, high holding up of the right front leg was conditioned on or this was a horse with exceptional high gaits, but is not necessary for the definition as a passage.
How strong the sideways of Marc Aurel is executed here, we cannot gauge by the direction of his gaze, because then, too, possibly the rule was on, that the rider could only achieve a graceful stance when looking through the ears of the horse or along the inner side of the horse’s head.  
This all implicates, that this beautiful gait could have led to the ruler riding always obliquely, possibly in the right angle, to his spectators. Maybe he sometimes changed the side, to which he rode? Or would he always stay in this bending to the right, suitable for combat man-to-man for a  the rider who is right-hander? Possibly so there was a “chocolate-side” of the parade-way, at which all the important people stood, to see and be seen by their ruler (in this case the left side)?

(Original in the  Musei Capitolini, Rome, 2. Century a. Chr.; copy-cast on the Piazza del Campidoglio. The gilded bronze statue didn't get molten down only because for centuries it was believed to show the christian emperor Konstantin).

The first book was written by Cavendish 1658 in English, he let it be consecutively be translated and publicized in French:

1658 "La Methode Nouvelle...", William Cavendish/Newcastle, Antwerp, (fr.), with anatomically and equestrially wrong depictions

The second book he wrote and publicized in English in a somewhat simple quality was:

1667 "A New Method...", William Cavendish/Newcastle (eng.) , London, without depictions

1677 "Methode nouvelle ..", Jacques Solleysel, in parts heavily altered translation into French of the second, English book of 1657; Paris, (fr.), with correct depictions

1700 "Neu eröffnete Reitbahn", faithful copy of Solleysel's translation of 1677, together with a German translation of Solleysel's text; Bernauer/Pernauer, Nürnberg (ger.) ; regrettably Bernauer had arranged for etchings to be made as nearly exact copies of the faulty depictions, with the same wrong over-bendings as 1658. (I think, Solleysel would never had agreed to this, but he had died 20 years before).

1737 Brindley printed in London an identical copy of the first, French book of 1658 with the resurfaced actual plates, lent to him by the granddaughter of Cavendishs, so againanatomically and equestrially wrong depictions

1743 Brindley printed an English translation of the first, French book of 1658, here also he uses the beautiful, butanatomically and equestrially wrong depictions of Dieppenbeck of 1658.

The art rider of today thus has the following means for getting to know some or all of Cavendish's (and additionally Solleysel's) recommendations in these three books:

 

a.: if she speaks only German, she can only read Bernauer's German translation, which is full of mistakes, 1700, of the French (heavily amended) translation by Solleysel of Cavendish's second, English book of 1667.

b.: if she speaks English, she can read

 

1. the English original (second book 1667) as a facsimile or here:       https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A53074.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext

   , needing a little bit fantasie sometimes to guess the meaning of the somewhat old English used here,

2. the English translation of the first book (1658) by Brindley of the year 1743 (antiquarian in the „Allens Classic Series, 3“, with the still more confusing title „A General System of Horsemanship“, 2000, Britain/Hongkong.

c.: if she understands French, she can:

1. read the first book (1658) as original in the internet at www2.vetagro.fr (see below) or

2. the French, heavily amended translation of the second English book (1667) by Solleysel in 1677 („third book“, as I call it) or the identical text in Bernauer (1700)

OUVRAGES EN LIGNE - Liste des auteurs

 

Imagination in 1833, about the Duchess of Newcastle accompanying her husband William Cavendish at the stag hunt

Lithographie by Charles Motte, ar. 1833, after Ch.Aubrey

"Here the  Duchesse is greatly admired by the Cpt. Bazin"

Here Aubrey has copied the faulty, overbent posture of the horse's head in the Dieppenbeck etchings in Cavendish's first book

"The Duchess receives instructions by the Duke, to always be attentive to disturbances or mistakes, which could endanger her seat"

(Actually it is very unlikely, that the horse expert Cavendish would have agreed to his wife accompanying a stag hunt on a side-saddle. As Prizelius warns 1777 in his appendix: „Etwas für Liebhaberinnen der Reiterey“ in the chapter „Anweisung zum Reiten für Dames“ with good reason against riding the insecure side saddle outside a protected surrounding, as any time there could shoot a dog through a hedge, or some chickens could suddenly fly up, or similar surprises could occur, which makes the horse jumping away unexpectedly. On top of that, the rider very often lets the rains hang through, which makes the horse careless, sleepy and leads to him stumbling, and the repertoire of aides is quite reduced riding in this fashion, too.)

 

Different types of Demi-Voltes

In the dictionnaire of the second edition of the „Description du manege moderne“ by Eisenberg (German:“Wohleingerichtete Reitschule“) one finds the explanation of some very different Demi-Voltes at the ends of the passades, so now I am able to list the following ones:

1.the one-and-a-half volte on one hoof-beat in walk and in trot,

2.the „5-Beat-Demi-volte“, consisting of five canter strides with half a croupe inwards (= croupe-in) which is called also „passade in five-beats“)

3.the Demi-Volte in the sideways-walk,

4.the Demi-Volte in the sideways-terre-a-terre,

5.the „Furious Passade“ with the Demi-Volte in three beats,

6. the „Elevated Passades“ in the Sideways-Mezair, Sideways-Courbettes oder Sideways-Croupades on the Demi-Volte in three or four beats,

7. The „passade en pirouette“, when the horse creates a Demi-Volte in a single or more beats as a Pirouette or Demi-Pirouette, landing straight on the line of the passade again („throwing the horse around on the hind legs”; citation Ridinger).

Only in 1. and 7. the hindfeet don‘t describe a pronounced little circle: in every other one it would be faulty if the hindfeet got to close to the volte‘s center (which in French is called „aculer“ = constricting, narrowing, crawling backwards to the center), as this would put the horse in constraint and could bring the hind feet into leading and leads to a collapsing of the lesson.

All Demi-Voltes have their origin in a fast turning-around in the fight rider against rider, where the pirouette basically is nothing else than a turn on the haunches, but the other ones are very tight voltes in a more ore or less sideways, which results in two hoof-beats, with a tiny part of a forehand-turn at the end to close/end the volte. A peculiarity with Gueriniere are the angular voltes, which contain short sideways-stretches along a straight line.

 

The grail:

Nicolas and Luigi di Santa-Paulina, art-riders at the famous Accademia Delia in Padua

Del L’Arte del Cavallo

 1694

Libro terzo, capo primo : Come deva star il Cavaliere à Cavallo -  Vol. 3, chapter 1: How the rider is supposed to sit on the horse.

[……]

The elbow joint shall be bent, and the hand held befoire the middle of the chest, in a height of two or three finger-breadths over the pommel of the saddle, the thumb straight, the hand [in the carpal joint] neither bent towards the chest nor towards the horse's head, nor towards the pommel, but a bit upwards: because in the first three ways the hand will loose its power because it is skewed, but in the latter way will achieve more power, the most by turning the fingers heavenwards, as one should do at elevating the hand.
And as a sign that he is sitting in the correct stance, he shall take care, with a closed fist, that the first finger joints below the nails will point against the chest.  When using the right hand, he should hold it in the same way as the left hand. And in such a way that the finger middle-joints face each other. 

[…..]

*****************************************************************************************************************************

 

 

Section of Ridinger’s “Reitschule” (riding school): on the left a courbette straight forwards, with fore- and hind legs exactly parallel and at the same height, elevation high.

In the centre the 85° sideways/ passege / passage „in the walk, which has the action of the trot“ (= two-beated), which is the pre-lesson and training for the terre-a-terre, here as the „Croupe a la muraille“.

On the right the terre-a-terre to the left. The terre-a-terre is always low over the ground and means always to be moving at least 80° sideways, as otherwise the movement cannot become two-beated, and always produces four different hoove-tracks: the inner forefoot the farthest advanced, then the outer forefoot forming the second and the inner hind foot producing the third line, and the outer hind foot the fourth, most backwards line.

Ridinger calls it „redopp“, from the Italian „radoppiare“ = two-beated canter, under this picture he writes : “Redoppieren auf einem Cirkel von der Länge des Pferdes“ (going redop on a circle of the length of the horse).

A straight terre-a-terre is ridden 80-85° sideways along a wall or along a straight line, for example on the pointed volte, the carree.

Cavendish writes, that trying to produce a terre-a-terre with a lesser angle than 80° (“ on a wide circle”) will produce only a „petit galop“, which is a school-canter.

Lithographie by Charles Motte

                    Left:  "The pirouette"   |   Right: "Redopp/Terre-a-Terre on a small circle of the length of the horse"

or: "...from head to tail"

(Motte  had misplaced and confused the names of the lessons)

Die hohen Schulen in der Antike

 

 

For enabling a horse to storm forwards in the Carriere one has to sit it down on its haunches in one or two levades or falcades. This is also true before a war charriot.

 
 

 

Handwork of the Assyrians: as preparation for Levade und Carriere the lightening of the forehand is necessary and a high uprighting for the highest possible freedom of the shoulders, which manifests itself in the graceful movement of the foreleg.

 

Assyrians hunting

  

These Etruskian figurines, ar. 550 before Chr., show perfect, longstretched Carrieres.
 

This rider from Taranto, ar. 550 BC, already holds his rein-hand in the same way as the art-riders ar.1600: dthe finger middle joints point in a 90° away from the horse, so he achieves a

good freedom of the shoulders with a high uprighting, and the right hind leg staeos for forward under the pair's point of weight.
 

 

 

In the wonderfully preserved big floor-mosaics in the Villa Romana del Casale di Piazza Armerina  https://www.villaromanadelcasale.it/  in Sicily from the 3.Century AC we can also see horses in the  Carriere.
 

The hunter in the same mosaic turns his horse swiftly in a Pirouette on the inner hind-leg into the right position.

Falcade (Schloss Chantilly)

Falcades (Schloss Chantilly)

Falkaden before a carriage (in the Town-Museum of Danzig)

Terre-a-Terre to the left or still Falcade?

Terre-a-Terre to the left or still Falcade?
 

Terre-a-Terre to the left or still Falcade?
 

Terre-a-Terreto the right (though the rider is "looking into the camera")

Still Falcade or Terre-a-Terre to the left already?

 

Two riders in battle; Stefano della Bella

In a duel the enemies ride around each other in a slow canter until  a chance arises to fire the weapon: then they lift their horses into a falcade, which gives them calm enough to fire.

Because the Falcade works like the tigthening of the spring "haunches", from this stance easily a speeding off in form of the Carriere is produceable.

Possibly the shot itself was perceived by the horse as an additional signal for the carriere, to leave as fast as possible the range of the enemy's weapon?

Commander on a horse;  Stefano della Bella

Falcade in readiness for a Terre-a-Terre to the right, sideways in the direction of the enemy

Terre-a-Terre to the left, wherein the king is looking falsely to the right. If really he held the reins in his right hand, this would be a correct tightening of the inner rein by putting the hand outwards over the withers. But probably he is holding a gift for the child in his right hand: So this a phase, wherin he shoves the horse by the outer rein to the left (before he must have taken his hand outside over the withers to tighten the inner rein and produce the Terre-a-Terre). 

Neapolitanian christmas-crib, Palau-March-Museum, Mallorca,

Bad accident through unattention during a Terre-a-Terre to the left, wherein the king is looking falsely to the right, not noticing the man standing beside his horse.

This a phase, wherin he shoves the horse by the outer rein to the left (before he must have taken his hand outside over the withers to tighten the inner rein and produce the Terre-a-Terre).

Would both forelegs be parallel, this could depict a going in Courbettes sideways to the leftt: for that one would only use the outer rein to push the horse sideways to the left.

Neapolitanian christmas-crib, Palau-March-Museum, Mallorca

Coming back from the hunt, Phillips Wouwermann attributed, ar. 1650

 Museum Lissabon

That the mounting "a la fauconnier" (as a falconer) had to executed from the right, because the hunter has the bird on his left arm, and for this reason he also had to lead the reins in his right hand, I had known already.

But this Fauconnière (Falknerin) supports her bird on her right hand, and so can lead the reins in her left hand. The reason is that the is sitting in a right side saddle: this way her gentleman is able to protect her by drawing his sword with his right hand, and having ample room to use it on his right side.

The horse on the right surely is executing a Terre-a-Terre to the right: it can be seen, that the haunches are not going far under its belly, and as its hooves don't go very far forward, this must be a

"Terre-a-Terre relevée".